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The author of the paper underlines the importance of Patočka's interpretation of Aristotle, especially his searching for the basis of Aristotle's critical reception of the works of Plato and Socrates. Aristotle's contribution was first of all in his reconsideration of the relation between concept and reality and in his new conception of the relation between notion, mind and the world as such. His picture of the world transcended that of presocratic FYZIS: he conceived of it on the background of the idea of the Panhellenic political order of the world, which went beyond the intentions of Plato's "single" state. In conclusion the author shows also the different understanding of the relation between myth and knowledge by Plato and Aristotle.