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In this paper Popper’s and Lakatos’s conception of scientific theory is being critically analyzed. In spite of the fact that in the considerations of these authors there are not a lew truthful ideas, their conception is ideologically akin to conventionalism and is noted for inner contradictions. This is why it cannot be taken for satisfactory reconstruction of theoretical cognition, neither for a reliable quidance at theoretical work in science. The analyzed conception is, in some respects, contrary to the principles of materialism.